NetApp command line shortcuts

Just a few commands which I use frequently while on console.

 

CTRL+W = It deletes the word before cursor

CTRL+R = Rewrites the entire line you have entered

CTRL+U = Deletes the whole line

CTRL+A = Go to start of the line

CTRL+E = Go to end of the line

CTRL+K = Delete all the following texts

A few more commands are there but I feel arrow keys work better then you press these sequences like

CTRL+F = Right arrow

CTRL+B = Left arrow

CTRL+P = Up arrow

CTRL+N = Down arrow

CTRL+I = Tab key

Am I missing anything else?

FOR MORE 

How to copy files in Ontap

 As soon as someone asks this question we all say 'use ndmpcoyp' but what if you don't have any network adapters configured, will ndmpcoyp work? 
   
    No; ndmpcopy is very useful if you want to copy a file or a whole volume however one thing very few people know that it doesn't work if you don't have loopback adapter configured because ndmpcopy passes all the data through lo adapter so it's not only dependent on lo's availability, its speed also. So how do you copy the data if lo is not available?

The answer is simple, use dd, just an old fashioned unix command which does lot of thing, not only it can copy the file with full pathname you can even use block number and disk number and the best part, syntax is simple 'if' for from and 'of' for to.

It can be used not only for copying file around the system, in fact you can use it for testing I/O and copying file from snapshot also and this command can be used regardless of permission.

A little note, if you are afraid of going in advanced or diagnostic mode better keep use rdfile and wrfile because this command is not available in admin mode so you have to go in advanced mode to use this.

Here's the syntax of this command.

dd [ [if= file ] | [ din= disknum bin= blocknum ] ] [ [of= file ] | [ dout= disknum bout= blocknum ] ] count= number_of_blocks

Another note, if you are using count make sure you are using in multiply of 4 because a WAFL block size is 4k.

Example:

sim1> priv set advanced
sim1*> dd if=/vol/vol0/.snapshot/hourly.2/etc/snapmirror.conf of=/vol/vol0/etc/snapmirror.conf1

Solaris Interview Questions

1) What files control user administration?
A) /etc/passwd file: 7 Fields: loginid:x:userid:groupid:comment:homedir:shell
/etc/shadow: 9 Fields: loginid:password:lastchng:min:max:warn:inactive:expire
/etc/group : 4 Fields : groupname:password:groupid:username list)

2) What does the "pwconv" command do?
A) It updates the /etc/shadow file with information from /etc/passwd file.

3) Where are the failed login attemps to system logged?
A) /var/adm/loginlog (We need to create this file as it does not exist by default)

4) Which command shows the users currently logged in to system?
A) who ( It reads the information from /var/adm/utmpx file)

5) Which command will show detailed information about a user?
A) finger –m

6) Which command displays all login and logouts?
A) last (It reads the information from /var/adm/wtmpx file)

7) What is the "StickyBit" file permission?
A) Sticky Bit permission protects the file within a public writable directory.
File set with sticky bit will not allow any user to delete the file except the
Owner of file, owner of the group or the root user.

8) How is ACL (Access Control Lists) implemented?
A) 8.1) "getfacl"command : To display an ACL on file.
Syntax : getfacl

8.2) setfacl command : To set the ACL on file
Syntax : setfacl

8.3) setfacl –m command : To modify ACL entries
Syntax : setfacl –m

8.4) setfacl –s command : Remove old ACL entries and replace with new one.
Syntax : setfacl –s

8.5) setfacl –d command : Delete ACL entry
Syntax : setfacl –d

9) Imp "root(/)" subdirectories and their purpose :
9.1) / : Root of overall file system.
9.2) /bin : Symbolic link to /usr/bin. Stores standard system commands and binary files.
9.3) /dev : Primary location for "logical" device names
9.4) /devices : Primary location for "physical" device names
9.5) /etc : Contains host specific system admin config files
9.6) /export : Default directory for commonly shared filesystems.
9.7) /home : Default directory / mount point for user's home directory
9.8) /kernel : Directory of platform independent loadable kernel file
9.9) /mnt : Temporary mount point for file systems
9.10) /opt : Default directory for add on packages
9.11) /sbin : Executables used in booting process and file recovery
9.12) /tmp : Temporary files
9.13) /usr : Mount point for /usr file system
9.14) /var : Directory for varying files, temporary logging or status files

10) What are the different disk slices?
Slice Name Function
0 / Root's system files
1 swap Swap area
2 Entire Disk
5 /opt Optional Software
6 /usr System Exe's
7 /export/home User's file and directories

11) Which command displays the system configuration information?
A) prtconf

12) Which command is used to configure newly attached hardware ?
A) devfsadm –c where

13) What are the different types of "file systems" in Solaris?
A) There are 3 Types of file system :
13.A.1) Disk based : ufs (standard unix), hsfs (cd-rom), pcfs (Floppy)
Or udf (DVD and CD Rom)
13.A.2) Distributed : NFS (enables sharing of files between many types of n/w)
13.A.3) Pseudo : tmpfs (temporary), swapfs , fdfs, procfs

14) What is a "boot block"?
A) The bootstrap program (bootblk) is found in the next 15 disk sectors. Only the "root" file system has an active boot block, although the space is allocated for boot block at the beginning of each file system.

15) What is "superblock"?
A) The file system is determined by its superblock. It is contained in the 16 disk sectors following the boot block. It contains :
· No. of data blocks
· No.of cylinder groups
· Size of data block fragment
· Description of hardware
· Name of mount point
· File system state flag ( clean , stable , active , logging or unknown)

16) How will you repair the main superblock if it gets corrupted?
A) Every file system has backup superblock at block no.32, which can be given to fsck to repair the main superblock.
# fsck –o b=32 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

17) How to create new file systems ?
A) newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

18) How will you restore /etc/vfstab file if it gets corrupted?
A) Step 1 : Insert Solaris CD 1 of 2
Step 2 : Go to single user mode : ok boot cdrom –s
Step 3 : Run "fsck" on /(root) partition : # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
Step 4 : Mount /(root) file system on /a directory to gain access to file system
# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a
Step 5 : Set & export TERM variable
# TERM=sun
# export TERM
Step 6 : Edit /etc/vfstab file and remove the incorrect entry : # vi /a/etc/vfstab
Step 7 : Unmount the file system : # cd / ; # umount /a and reboot the system.

19) How will you share user's home directory?
A) Step 1 : Login as root and verify mountd daemon is running
# ps –ef grep mountd
Step 2 : If the daemon is not running start it :
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start
Step 3 : List all shared filesystems
# share
Step 4 : Edit the /etc/dfs/dfstab file and add :
# share –F nfs /export/home
Step 5 : Share the file systems in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file :
# shareall –F nfs
Step 6 : Verify that the home directory is shared.
# share

20) What does /etc/inittab file contain ?
A) The /etc/inittab contains the systems default run level, processes to start/monitor
or restart. It also contains the actions to be taken when run level changes.
/etc/inittab file is in foll format :- id:rstate:action:process

21) How will you use "shutdown" command?
A) # shutdown –i0 –g300 –y

22) How will you check the OBP version of your system ?
A) Use " banner" command at the ok prompt

23) Explain the Solaris Boot process?
A) 23.1 ) Boot Prom Phase : Runs POST to verify system hardware and memory Loads "bootblk" primary boot program.
23.2) Boot Program Phase : "bootblk" loads the finds "ufsboot" and loads it in memory.ufsboot loads the kernel.
23.3) Kernel Initialization Phase : Loads modules using "ufsboot"
Creates user processes and starts /sbin/init process.
23.4) Initialization Phase : Starts "rc" scripts. These scripts check & mounts file System, starts various processes and perform system maintanence tasks

24) Backup And Restore :
Full backup : # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /
Where 0 à indicates full backup f à Path of the backup device u à update the dumpdates file.
Restore : # ufsrestore if /dev/rmt/0

25) How to temporary disable user's login.
A) Log in as "root"
B) Create /etc/nologin file
# vi /etc/nologin
C) Include a message
D) Close and Save the file.

26) What does 'Probe' command do?
A) probe-scsi-all à list all internal and external scsi devices
B) probe-ide-all à List all ide devices

27) How to find whether a system is configured for 32-bit or 64-bit?
A) # isainfo -v

28) How to activate Ethernet card ?
A) # ifconfig qfe0 plumb

29) How will you assign ip address to system?
A) # ifconfig qfe0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

30) How will you check current ip configuration?
A) # ifconfig –a

31) How will you set a default router ?
A) # /etc/defaultrouter

32) How to remove all current routes and assign 192.168.1.100 as default router?
A) # route flush
# route add default 192.168.1.100

33) How to change the network settings ?
A) # sys-unconfig

34) What all does the NVRAM store?
A) Ethernet Address / Host ID / Time of Day (TOD) clock and EEPROM Parameters

35) Where are all the port numbers stored?
A) Port numbers are stored in /etc/services

36) Where are eeprom file stored ?
A) /usr/sbin/eeprom

37) Some important NIS commands :
1) # ypcat hosts à Prints info from hosts database
2) # ypmatch host1 hosts à Match individual host entries
3) # ypmatch user1 passwd
4) # ypwhich à Returns NIS master server.

38) Controlling the tape drive ?
1) mt –f /dev/rmt/0n à 'n' indicates no rewind.

39) What are the network utilities ?
1) snoop à To capture network packets & display contents
2) netstat –i à Displays state of Ethernet address
3) ndd command à Set & examine kernel parameters namely TCP/IP drivers.

40) Network Configuration :
1) /etc/resolv.conf : Contains Internet domain name, name server and search order.
2) /etc/nsswitch.conf : Specifies information source from files, NIS, NIS+ or DNS
3) /etc/hostname.[int](hme0eri0le0] : IP v4 host
4) /etc/nodename : IP v6 host
5) /etc/inet/hosts : Host namefile (/etc/host links to this file)
6) /etc/inet/netmasks : TCP/IP subnet router
7) /etc/inet/protocols : Network protocols
8) /etc/inet/services : Network service name & port numbers
9) /etc/notrouter : Create this file to prevent in.routed or in.rdiscd from starting at boot time
10) /etc/inet/inetd.conf : Internet super daemon config file
11) To change hostname / ip address :

/etc/hostname.{int}(hme0le0)
/etc/nodename
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/net/*/hosts
/etc/defaultrouter
/etc/resolv.conf

41) How to configure interfaces at boot time>
A) /etc/rcS.d/s30network.sh file à This script is run each time system is booted. It uses ifconfig utility to configure each interface with IP add & other network info.It searches for files called : hostname.xxn in /etc where xx à int type & nà instance of interface

NetApp Active/Active vs. Active/Passive (Stretch MetroCluster) solution

Active / Active Controller Configuration

         In this configuration both the systems are connected to each other's disk and having heartbeat connection through NVRAM card. In the situation of one controller failure other controller takes over the loads of failed controller and keeps the operation going as it's having connection with failed controller's disk shelves.

Further details of Active / Active cluster best practices can be found in TR-3450

Active / Passive (Stretch MetroCluster) Configuration

        This is the diagram of active/active metrocluster, however the same design applies to active/passive metrocluster also except one node on the cluster is having only mirror of primary system's data.

       In this configuration primary and secondary systems can extend upto 500m (upto 100km with Fabric MetroCluster) and all the primary system data is mirrored to secondary system with Sync Mirror, in the event of primary system failure all the connection automatically gets switch over to remote copy. This provides additional level of failure protection like whole disk shelf failure or multiple failures at same time, however this needs another copy of same data and exact same hardware configuration to be available for secondary node.

      Please note that cluster interconnect (CI) on NVRAM card is required for cluster configuration however 3170 offer a new architecture that incorporates a dual-controller design with the cluster interconnect on the backplane. For this reason, the FCVI card that is normally used for CI in a Fabric MetroCluster configuration must also be used for a 31xx Stretch configuration.

Further details of MetroCluster design and implementation can be found in TR-3548

Minimizing downtime with cluster

      Although having a cluster configuration saves from any unwanted downtime however a small disruption can be sensed on the network while takeover /giveback is happening which is approximately less than 90 seconds in most of the environments and it keeps the NAS network alive with few "not responding" errors on clients.

A few points in related with this are given below:

CIFS: leads to a loss of session to the clients, and possible loss of data. However clients will reconnect the session by themselves if system comes up before the timeout window.

NFS hard mounts: clients will continue to attempt reconnection indefinitely, therefore controller reboot does not affect clients unless the application issuing the request times out waiting for NFS responses. Consequently, it may be appropriate to compensate by extending the application timeout window.

NFS soft mounts: client processes continue reconnection attempts until the timeout limit is reached. While soft mounts may reduce the possibility of client instability during failover, they expose applications to the potential for silent data corruption, so are only advised in cases where client responsiveness is more important than data integrity. If TCP soft mounts are not possible, reduce the risk of UDP soft mounts by specifying long retransmission timeout values and a relatively large number of retries in the mount options (i.e., timeo=30, retrans=10).

FTP, NDMP, HTTP, backups, restores: state is lost and the operation must be retried by the client.

Applications (for example, Oracle®, Exchange): application-specific. Generally, if timeout-based, application parameters can be tuned to increase timeout intervals to exceed Data ONTAP reboot time as a means of avoiding application disruption.

Linux System administration Interview Questions

        
         Today I got some common interview questions while going through my old mails, so just uploaded it thinking might be useful for someone rather than lying in my inbox unnoticed.

1.What is the best RAID level?

RAID 0 for performance
RAID 5 for High availability
RAID 6 even better HA if the budget is fine

2.What is MAC address and How to check the MAC address in linux?
A mac address means media access control address.It is a unique address assigned to almost all networking hardware such as Ethernet cards, router etc.
Most layer 2 network protocols use one of three numbering spaces which are designed to be globally unique.

Linux Command to see MAC address:
Ifconfig is used to configure network interfaces.
$ /sbin/ifconfig grep HWaddr

Output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0F:EA:91:04:07

OR
$ /sbin/ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0F:EA:91:04:07 <<< THIS IS THE MAC ADDRESS
inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20f:eaff:fe91:407/64 Scope:Link

OR as a root user type following command:
# grep eth0 /var/log/dmesg

eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xc000, 00:0f:ea:91:04:07, IRQ 18 <<< this line 2 component from this side is MAC address
eth0: Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8100B/8139D'
eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0x45E1


3.how to assign a permanent IP to a client which is presently in DHCP in Linux?
/sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.10.255
In this command we are assigning 192.168.10.1 IP to ethernet interface(NIC card) eth0.

Also in redhat linux terminal you can type comand "setup" & launch a Wizard type interface in which u can choose network & configure IP

You can use the GUI tool /usr/bin/neat - Gnome GUI network administration tool. It handles all interfaces and configures for both static assignment as well as dynamic assignment using DHCP.


4. How to exclude some ip address range in DHCP?
To exclude the range of IP address in a subnet is to split the address range of subnet into two.
Example:
subnet 1.1.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
range 1.1.1.10 1.1.1.15
range 1.1.1.21 1.1.1.40
}

so in the above example automatically the IP 16-20 will be excluded from the list.


5.What is the default serial number of DNS ?
Are based on ISO dates. Every time the data in the database is changed, the serial number must be increased in order that the slave servers know the zone has changed


6.how to pull the data to the secondary nis server from master server?
ypxfr is a pull command which runs on each slave server to make that server import the map from master nis server


7.what file need to be changed in nis client if you are changing the machine from one subnetwork to other subnetwork?
/etc/yp.conf


8.how to see memory usage?
Commands "top" and "free -m"


9.how to increase the filesystem ?
Using command # fdisk

VXVM interview questions

1. Name the mandatory disk group in VxVM 3.5 ? How will you configure VxVM in 3.5 ?
ANS: rootdg is the mandatory disk group in VxVM 3.5, vxinstall is the command to configure VxVM, It will create the disk groups, initializes the disks and adds them to the group.

2. How will you create private and shared disk group using VxVM ?
ANS: For Private DG:
Command: vxdg init

For Shared DG:
Command: vxdg -s init < disk1 disk2 disk3 >

3. Which are the different layouts for volumes in VxVM ?
ANS: mirror, stripe, concat (default one), raid5, stripe-mirror, mirror-stripe.

4. What is the basic difference between private disk group and shared disk group ?
ANS: Private DG: The DG which is only visible for the host on which you have created it, if the host is a part of cluster, the private DG will not be visible to the other cluster nodes.
Shared DG: The DG which is sharable and visible to the other cluster nodes.

5. How will you add new disk to the existing disk group ?
ANS: Run vxdiskadm command, which will open menu driven program to do various disk operations, select add disks option or you can use another command vxdiskadd.

6. How will you grow/shrink the volume/file system ? What is the meaning of growby and
growto options ? What is the meaning on shrinkto and shrinkby options ?
ANS: vxassist command is used to do all volume administration, following is the description and syntax.

Growby option: This is will grow your file system by adding new size to the existing file system.

Growto option: This will grow your file system as per the new size. This WILL NOT ADD new size to the existing one.

Shrinkby option: This will shrink your file system by reducing new size from existing file system.

Shrinkto option: This will shrink your file system as per the new size. This WILL NOT REDUCE the file system by reducing new size.

Command:
vxassist -g [growto, growby, shrinkto, shrinkby] length

7. How will you setup and unsetup disks explicitly using VxVM ?
ANS: You can use /etc/vx/bin/vxdiskunsetup to unsetup the disk, and /etc/vx/vxdisksetup to setup the disk.

8. How will you list the disks, which are in different disk groups ?
ANS: vxdisk list is the command will list the disks from the DG which is currently imported, you can check the same using vxprint command too. vxdisk -o alldgs list command list all the disks which are in different dg's.

9. What is the private region in VxVM ?
ANS: Private region stores the structured VxVM information, it also stores the disk ID and disk geometry. In short words it has metadata of the disk.

10. If, vxdisk list command gives you disks status as "error", what steps you will follow to make the respective disks online ?
ANS: If you faced this issue because of fabric disconnection then simply do vxdisk scandisks, otherwise unsetup the disk using using /etc/vx/bin/vxdiskunsetup and setup the disks again using /etc/vx/bin/vxdisksetup, this will definitely help! [ /etc/vx/bin/vxdiskunsetup will remove the private region from the disk and destroys data, backup the data before using this option]

Veritas (VCS) Interview Questions

Just one more on Veritas Cluster Services

1. How do check the status of VERITAS Cluster Server aka VCS ?

      Ans: hastatus –sum3

2. Which is the main config file for VCS and where it is located?

         Ans: main.cf is the main configuration file for VCS and it is located in /etc/VRTSvcs/conf/config.

3. Which command you will use to check the syntax of the main.cf?

     Ans: hacf -verify /etc/VRTSvcs/conf/config

4. How will you check the status of individual resources of VCS cluster?

Ans: hares –state

5. What is the service group in VCS ?

Ans: Service group is made up of resources and their links which you normally requires to maintain the HA of application.

6. What is the use of halink command ?

Ans: halink is used to link the dependencies of the resources

7. What is the difference between switchover and failover ?

Ans: Switchover is an manual task where as failover is automatic. You can switchover service group from online cluster node to offline cluster node in case of power outage, hardware failure, schedule shutdown and reboot. But the failover will failover the service group to the other node when VCS heartbeat link down, damaged, broken because of some disaster or system hung.

8. What is the use of hagrp command ?

Ans: hagrp is used for doing administrative actions on service groups like online, offline, switch etc.

9. How to switchover the service group in VCS ?

Ans: hagrp –switch -to

10. How to online the service groups in VCS ?

Ans: hagrp –online -sy

SAN Interview Questions Part 2

46. What are the main constrains of SCSI in storage networking?

      a) Deployment distance (max. of 25 mts)
      b) Number of devices that can be interconnected (16)

47. What is a Fabric?

           Interconnection of Fibre Channel Switches

48. What are the services provided by Fabric to all the nodes?

      a) Fabric Login
      b) SNS
      c) Fabric Address Notification
      d) Registered state change notification
      e) Broadcast Servers

49. What is the difference between LUN and WWN?

         LUN: unique number that is assigned to each storage device or partition of the storage that the storage can support. WWN: 64bit address that is hard coded into a fibre channel HBA and this is used to identify individual port (N_Port or F_Port) in the fabric.

50. What are the different topologies in Fibre Channel?

    a) Point-to-Point
    b) Arbitrary Loop
    c) Switched Fabric Loop

51. What are the layers of Fibre Channel Protocol?

a) FC Physical Media
b) FC Encoder and Decoder
c) FC Framing and Flow control
d) FC Common Services
e) FC Upper Level Protocol Mapping

52. What is zoning?

        Fabric management service that can be used to create logical subsets of devices within a SAN. This enables portioning of resources for management and access control purpose.

53. What are the two major classification of zoning?

    Two types of zoning are
         a) Software Zoning
         b) Hardware Zoning

54. What are different levels of zoning?

a) Port Level zoning
b) WWN Level zoning
c) Device Level zoning
d) Protocol Level zoning
e) LUN Level zoning

55. What are the 3 prominent characteristics of SAS Protocol?

a) Native Command Queuing (NCQ)
b) Port Multiplier
c) Port Selector

56. What are the 5 states of Arbitrary Loop in FC?

a) Loop Initialization
b) Loop Monitoring
c) Loop arbitration
d) Open Loop
e) Close Loop

57. How does FC Switch maintain the addresses?

        FC Switch uses simple name server (SNS) to maintain the mapping table

58. What is the purpose of disk array?

         Probability of unavailability of data stored on the disk array due to single point failure is totally eliminated.

59. What is disk array?

         Set of high performance storage disks that can store several terabytes of data. Single disk array can support multiple points of connection to the network.

60. What is virtualization?

         A technique of hiding the physical characteristics of computer resources from the way in which other system application or end user interact with those resources. Aggregation, spanning or concatenation of the combined multiple resources into larger resource pools.

61. What is Multipath I/O?

          Fault tolerant technique where, there is more than one physical path between the CPU in the computer systems and its main storage devices through the buses, controllers, switches and other bridge devices connecting them.

62. What is RAID?

         Technology that groups several physical drives in a computer into an array that you can define as one or more logical drive. Each logical drive appears to the operating system as single drive. This grouping enhances the performance of the logical drive beyond the physical capability of the drives.

63. What is stripe-unit-size?

         It is data distribution scheme that complement s the way operating system request data. Granularity at which data is stored on one drive of the array before subsequent data is stored on the next drive of the array. Stripe unit size should be close to the size of the system I/O request.

64. What is LUN Masking?

          A method used to create an exclusive storage area and access control. And this can be achieved by storage device control program.

65. What is the smallest unit of information transfer in FC?

    

          Frame

66. How is the capacity of the HDD calculated?

           Number of Heads X Number of Cylinders X Sectors per track X Sector Size

67. What is bad block reallocation?

          A bad sector is remapped or reallocated to good spare block and this information is stored in the internal table on the hard disk drive. The bad blocks are identified during the media test of the HDD as well as during various types of read write operations performed during the I/O tests. Apart from the new generation of HDD comes with a technology called BGMS (background media scan) which continuously scans the HDD media for defects and maps them when the drive is idle (this is performed after the HDD is attached to the system).

68. What are two types of recording techniques on the tapes?

          a) Linear Recording
          b) Helical Scan Recording.

69. What is snapshot?

         A snapshot of data object contains an image of data at a particular point of time.

70. What is HSM?

       Hierarchical storage management - An application that attempts to match the priority of data with the cost of storage.

71. What is hot-swapping?

      Devices are allowed to be removed and inserted into a system without turning off the system.

72. What is Hot-Sparing?

      A spare device is available to be inserted into the subsystem operation without having to remove and replace a device.

73. What are different types of backup system?

a) Offline
b) Online
c) Near Line

74. What is the different between mirroring, Routing and multipathing?

     Redundancy Functions Relationships Role

   Mirroring Generates 2 ios to 2 storage targets Creates 2 copies of data
   Routing Determined by switches independent of SCSI Recreates n/w route after a failure
   Multipathing Two initiator to one target Selects the LUN initiator pair to use

75. Name few types of Tape storage?

a) Digital Linear Tape
b) Advanced Intelligent Tape
c) Linear Tape Open

76. What is a sequence in FC?

      Group of one or more frames that encompasses one or more "information units" of a upper layer protocol.

         Example:
         It requires
          i) One sequence to transfer the command
         ii) One or more sequence to transfer the data
        iii) Once sequence to transfer the status.

77. What is Exchange in FC?

       Exchange is to establish a relationship between 2 N_PORTs and then these two ports transfer data via one or more sequence within this relationship.
Example: Exchange exist to transfer the command, data and the status of one SCSI task

78. Why do we need Login in FC?

      Port Login: To exchange service parameters between N_Ports and N_Ports
Process Login: To establish the SCSI operating environment between two N_PORTS
Fabric Login: Similar to port login, FLOGI is an extended link service command that sets up a session between two participants. With FLOGU a session is created between an N_Port or NL_Port and the switch.

79. What are the different types of clusters?

a) High availability clusters
b) High Performance Clusters
c) Load Balancing Clusters.

80. What are three levels of management in storage?

a) Storage Level Management
b) Network Level Management
c) Enterprise Level Management

81. What are the key activities in SAN management?

a) Monitoring
b) Configuring
c) Controlling
d) Troubleshooting
e) Diagnosing

82. What is the difference between HBA and NIC?

HBA => Host bus adapters are used in storage based traffic while NIC (Network Interface Cards are used in IP based LAN traffic.

83. What is the measuring unit of data activity?

Gigabits per second (Gb/ps)

84. What are the basic storage policies?

a) Security and authentication
b) Capacity, Content and quota management
c) Quality of Service

85. What is bypass circuitry?

A circuit that automatically removes the storage device from the data path (FC device out of FC AL loop) when signaling is lost (this signal is called port by-pass signal).

86. How many connections are possible in Fabric topology?

2^24 (24 bit address to the port), and the largest possible fabric will have 239 interconnected switches.

87. What is one of the constrain of using storage switch?

Latency

88. What is the difference between NAS and SAN?

NAS
Cables used in the n/w
n/w protocols (TCP/IP, IPx) and file sharing protocols (CIFS & NFS)
Lower TCO
Support heterogeneous clients
Slow

SAN
High-speed connectivity such as FC
Do not use n/w protocols because data request are not made over LAN
Higher TCO
Requires special s/w to provide access to heterogeneous clients
Fast

89. What is Jitter?

Jitter refers to any deviation in timing that a bit stream suffers as it traverses the physical medium and the circuitry on-board the end devices. A certain amount of deviation from the original signaling will occur naturally as serial bit stream propagates over fibre-optic or copper cabling.

Mainly caused by electro-magnetic interference

90. What is BER/Bit error rate?

Probability that a transmitted bit will be erroneously received is the measure of number of bits (erroneous) at the output of the receiver and dividing by the total number of bits in transmission.

91. What is WWPN?

WWPN is the 16bit character that is assigned to the port, SAN volume controller uses it to uniquely identify the fibre channel HBA that is installed in the host system.

92. What is connection allegiance?

Given multiple connections are established, individual command/response pair must flow over the same connection. This connection allegiance ensures that specific read or writes commands are fulfilled without any additional overhead of monitoring multiple connections and to see whether a particular request is completed.

93. What is burst Length?

The burst length is the number of bytes that the SCSI initiator sends to the SCSI target in the FCP_DATA sequence.

94. What is NAS in detail?

NAS or Network Attached Storage

        "NAS is used to refer to storage elements that connect to a network and provide file
access services to computer systems. A NAS Storage Element consists of an interface or engine, which implements the file services, and one or more devices, on which data is stored. NAS elements may be attached to any type of network. When attached to SANs, NAS elements may be considered to be members of the SAS (SAN Attached Storage) class of storage elements.

         A class of systems that provide file services to host computers. A host system that uses network attached storage uses a file system device driver to access data using file access protocols such as NFS or CIFS. NAS systems interpret these commands and perform the internal file and device I/O operations necessary to execute them.

         Though the NAS does speed up bulk transfers, it does not offload the LAN like a SAN does. Most storage devices cannot just plug into gigabit Ethernet and be shared - this requires a specialized file server the variety of supported devices is more limited.NAS has various protocols established for such needed features as discovery, access control, and name services.

95. Briefly list the advantages of SAN?

  

     SANs fully exploit high-performance, high connectivity network technologies
     SANs expand easily to keep pace with fast growing storage needs
     SANs allow any server to access any data
     SANs help centralize management of storage resources
     SANs reduce total cost of ownership (TCO).

iSCSI fundamentals

         iSCSI is a protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which enables SCSI commands to be encapsulated in TCP/IP traffic, thus allowing access to remote storage over low cost IP networks.

96. What advantages would using an iSCSI Storage Area Network (SAN) give to your organization over using Direct Attached Storage (DAS) or a Fibre Channel SAN?

· iSCSI is cost effective, allowing use of low cost Ethernet rather than expensive Fibre architecture.

· Traditionally expensive SCSI controllers and SCSI disks no longer need to be used in each server, reducing overall cost.
· Many iSCSI arrays enable the use of cheaper SATA disks without losing hardware RAID functionality.
· The iSCSI storage protocol is endorsed by Microsoft, IBM and Cisco, therefore it is an industry standard.
· Administrative/Maintenance costs are reduced.
· Increased utilisation of storage resources.
· Expansion of storage space without downtime.
· Easy server upgrades without the need for data migration.
· Improved data backup/redundancy.

SAN Interview questions part 1

 

  1. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FIBRE CHANNEL SANS?

          Fibre Channel SANs are the de facto standard for storage networking in the corporate data center because they provide exceptional reliability, scalability, consolidation, and performance. Fibre Channel SANs provide significant advantages over direct-attached storage through improved storage utilization, higher data availability, reduced management costs, and highly scalable capacity and performance.

2. WHAT ENVIRONMENT IS MOST SUITABLE FOR FIBRE CHANNEL SANS?

          Typically, Fibre Channel SANs are most suitable for large data centers running business-critical data, as well as applications that require high-bandwidth performance such as medical imaging, streaming media, and large databases. Fibre Channel SAN solutions can easily scale to meet the most demanding performance and availability requirements.

3. WHAT CUSTOMER PROBLEMS DO FIBRE CHANNEL SANS SOLVE?

           The increased performance of Fibre Channel enables a highly effective backup and recovery approach, including LAN-free and server-free backup models. The result is a faster, more scalable, and more reliable backup and recovery solution. By providing flexible connectivity options and resource sharing, Fibre Channel SANs also greatly reduce the number of physical devices and disparate systems that must be purchased and managed, which can dramatically lower capital expenditures. Heterogeneous SAN management provides a single point of control for all devices on the SAN, lowering costs and freeing personnel to do other tasks.

4. HOW LONG HAS FIBRE CHANNEL BEEN AROUND?

           Development started in 1988, ANSI standard approval occurred in 1994, and large deployments began in 1998. Fibre Channel is a mature, safe, and widely deployed solution for high-speed (1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB) communications and is the foundation for the majority of SAN installations throughout the world.

5. WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF FIBRE CHANNEL SANS?

        Fibre Channel is a well-established, widely deployed technology with a proven track record and a very large installed base, particularly in high-performance, business-critical data center environments. Fibre Channel SANs continue to grow and will be enhanced for a long time to come. The reduced costs of Fibre Channel components, the availability of SAN kits, and the next generation of Fibre Channel (4 GB) are helping to fuel that growth. In addition, the Fibre Channel roadmap includes plans to double performance every three years

6. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF 4GB FIBRE CHANNEL?

         Benefits include twice the performance with little or no price increase, investment protection with backward compatibility to 2 GB, higher reliability due to fewer SAN components (switch and HBA ports) required, and the ability to replicate, back up, and restore data more quickly. 4 GB Fibre Channel systems are ideally suited for applications that need to quickly transfer large amounts of data such as remote replication across a SAN, streaming video on demand, modeling and rendering, and large databases. 4 GB technology is shipping today.

7. HOW IS FIBRE CHANNEL DIFFERENT FROM ISCSI?

          Fibre Channel and iSCSI each have a distinct place in the IT infrastructure as SAN alternatives to DAS. Fibre Channel generally provides high performance and high availability for business-critical applications, usually in the corporate data center. In contrast, iSCSI is generally used to provide SANs for business applications in smaller regional or departmental data centers.

8. WHEN SHOULD I DEPLOY FIBRE CHANNEL INSTEAD OF ISCSI?

          For environments consisting of high-end servers that require high bandwidth or data center environments with business-critical data, Fibre Channel is a better fit than iSCSI. For environments consisting of many midrange or low-end servers, an IP SAN solution often delivers the most appropriate price/performance.

9. Name some of the SAN topologies

Point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and switched fabric topologies

10. What's the need for separate network for storage why LAN cannot be used?

        LAN hardware and operating systems are geared to user traffic, and LANs are tuned for a fast user response to messaging requests.
With a SAN, the storage units can be secured separately from the servers and totally apart from the user network enhancing storage access in data blocks (bulk data transfers), advantageous for server-less backups.

11. What are the advantages of RAID?

  "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks"
Depending on how we configure the array, we can have the
- data mirrored [RAID 1] (duplicate copies on separate drives)
- striped [RAID 0] (interleaved across several drives), or
- parity protected [RAID 5](extra data written to identify errors).
These can be used in combination to deliver the balance of performance and reliability that the user requires.

12. Define RAID? Which one you feel is good choice?

RAID (Redundant array of Independent Disks) is a technology to achieve redundancy with faster I/O. There are Many Levels of RAID to meet different needs of the customer which are: R0, R1, R3, R4, R5, R10, R6.
      Generally customer chooses R5 to achieve better redundancy and speed and it is cost effective.

R0 – Striped set without parity/[Non-Redundant Array]. 

Provides improved performance and additional storage but no fault tolerance. Any disk failure destroys the array, which becomes more likely with more disks in the array. A single disk failure destroys the entire array because when data is written to a RAID 0 drive, the data is broken into fragments. The number of fragments is dictated by the number of disks in the drive. The fragments are written to their respective disks simultaneously on the same sector. This allows smaller sections of the entire chunk of data to be read off the drive in parallel, giving this type of arrangement huge bandwidth. RAID 0 does not implement error checking so any error is unrecoverable. More disks in the array means higher bandwidth, but greater risk of data loss

R1 - Mirrored set without parity.

Provides fault tolerance from disk errors and failure of all but one of the drives. Increased read performance occurs when using a multi-threaded operating system that supports split seeks, very small performance reduction when writing. Array continues to operate so long as at least one drive is functioning. Using RAID 1 with a separate controller for each disk is sometimes called duplexing.

R3 - Striped set with dedicated parity/Bit interleaved parity.

This mechanism provides an improved performance and fault tolerance similar to RAID 5, but with a dedicated parity disk rather than rotated parity stripes. The single parity disk is a bottle-neck for writing since every write requires updating the parity data. One minor benefit is the dedicated parity disk allows the parity drive to fail and operation will continue without parity or performance penalty.

R4 - Block level parity.

Identical to RAID 3, but does block-level striping instead of byte-level striping. In this setup, files can be distributed between multiple disks. Each disk operates independently which allows I/O requests to be performed in parallel, though data transfer speeds can suffer due to the type of parity. The error detection is achieved through dedicated parity and is stored in a separate, single disk unit.

R5 - Striped set with distributed parity.

Distributed parity requires all drives but one to be present to operate; drive failure requires replacement, but the array is not destroyed by a single drive failure. Upon drive failure, any subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that the drive failure is masked from the end user. The array will have data loss in the event of a second drive failure and is vulnerable until the data that was on the failed drive is rebuilt onto a replacement drive.

R6 - Striped set with dual distributed Parity.

Provides fault tolerance from two drive failures; array continues to operate with up to two failed drives. This makes larger RAID groups more practical, especially for high availability systems. This becomes increasingly important because large-capacity drives lengthen the time needed to recover from the failure of a single drive. Single parity RAID levels are vulnerable to data loss until the failed drive is rebuilt: the larger the drive, the longer the rebuild will take. Dual parity gives time to rebuild the array without the data being at risk if one drive, but no more, fails before the rebuild is complete. 

13. What is the difference between RAID 0+1 and RAID 1+0

     RAID 0+1 (Mirrored Stripped)

In this RAID level all the data is saved on stripped volumes which are in turn mirrored, so any disk failure saves the data loss but it makes whole stripe unavailable. The key difference from RAID 1+0 is that RAID 0+1 creates a second striped set to mirror a primary striped set. The array continues to operate with one or more drives failed in the same mirror set, but if drives fail on both sides of the mirror the data on the RAID system is lost. In this RAID level if one disk is failed full mirror is marked as inactive and data is saved only one stripped volume.

   
    RAID 1+0 (Stripped Mirrored)

In this RAID level all the data is saved on mirrored volumes which are in turn stripped, so any disk failure saves data loss. The key difference from RAID 0+1 is that RAID 1+0 creates a striped set from a series of mirrored drives. In a failed disk situation RAID 1+0 performs better because all the remaining disks continue to be used. The array can sustain multiple drive losses so long as no mirror loses both its drives.

This RAID level is most preferred for high performance and high data protection because rebuilding of RAID 1+0 is less time consuming in comparison to RAID 0+1. 

14. When JBOD's are used?

    "Just a Bunch of Disks"
It is a collection of disks that share a common connection to the server, but don't include the mirroring,
striping, or parity facilities that RAID systems do, but these capabilities are available with host-based software.

15. Differentiate RAID & JBOD?

RAID: "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks"
Fault-tolerant grouping of disks that server sees as a single disk volume
Combination of parity-checking, mirroring, striping
Self-contained, manageable unit of storage

JBOD: "Just a Bunch of Disks"
Drives independently attached to the I/O channel
Scalable, but requires server to manage multiple volumes
Do not provide protection in case of drive failure

16. What is a HBA?

Host bus adapters (HBAs) are needed to connect the server (host) to the storage.

17. What are the advantages of SAN?

Massively extended scalability
Greatly enhanced device connectivity
Storage consolidation
LAN-free backup
Server-less (active-fabric) backup
Server clustering
Heterogeneous data sharing
Disaster recovery - Remote mirroring
While answering people do NOT portray clearly what they mean & what advantages each of them have, which are cost effective & which are to be used for the client's requirements.

18. What is the difference b/w SAN and NAS?

The basic difference between SAN and NAS, SAN is Fabric based and NAS is Ethernet based.
SAN - Storage Area Network

It accesses data on block level and produces space to host in form of disk.

NAS - Network attached Storage

It accesses data on file level and produces space to host in form of shared network folder.

19. What is a typical storage area network consists of - if we consider it for implementation in a small business setup?

          If we consider any small business following are essentials components of SAN
- Fabric Switch
- FC Controllers
- JBOD's

20. Can you briefly explain each of these Storage area components?

Fabric Switch: It's a device which interconnects multiple network devices .There are switches starting from 16 port to 32 ports which connect 16 or 32 machine nodes etc. vendors who manufacture these kind of switches are Brocade, McData.

21. FC Controllers: These are Data transfer media they will sit on PCI slots of Server; you can configure Arrays and volumes on it.

JBOD: Just Bunch of Disks is Storage Box, it consists of Enclosure where set of hard-drives are hosted in many combinations such SCSI drives, SAS, FC, SATA.

22. What is the most critical component in SAN?

Each component has its own criticality with respect to business needs of a company.

23. How is a SAN managed?

There are many management software's used for managing SAN's to name a few
- Santricity
- IBM Tivoli Storage Manager.
- CA Unicenter.
- Veritas Volumemanger.

24. Which one is the Default ID for SCSI HBA?

Generally the default ID for SCSI HBA is 7.
SCSI- Small Computer System Interface
HBA - Host Bus Adaptor

25. What is the highest and lowest priority of SCSI?

There are 16 different ID's which can be assigned to SCSI device 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8.

Highest priority of SCSI is ID 7 and lowest ID is 8.

26. How do you install device drivers for the HBA first time during OS installation?

In some scenarios you are supposed to install Operating System on the drives connected thru SCSI HBA or SCSI RAID Controllers, but most of the OS will not be updated with drivers for those controllers, that time you need to supply drivers externally, if you are installing windows, you need to press F6 during the installation of OS and provide the driver disk or CD which came along with HBA.
If you are installing Linux you need to type "linux dd" for installing any driver.

27. What is Array?

Array is a group of Independent physical disks to configure any Volumes or RAID volumes.

28. Can u describe at-least 3 troubleshooting scenarios which you have come across in detail ?

SCENARIO 1: How do you find/debug when there is error while working SCSI devices?

In our daily SAN troubleshooting there are many management and configuration tools we use them to see when there is a failure with target device or initiator device.
Some time it is even hard to troubleshoot some of the things such as media errors in the drives, or some of the drives taking long time to spin-up. In such cases these utilities will not come to help. To debug this kind of information most of the controller will be implemented with 3-pin serial debug port. With serial port debug connector cable you can collect the debug information with hyper terminal software.

SCENARIO 2: I am having an issue with a controller its taking lot of time to boot and detect all the drives connected how can I solve this.?

There are many possibilities that might cause this problem. One of the reason might be you are using bad drives that cannot be repaired. In those cases you replace the disks with working ones.

Another reason might be slots you connected your controller to a slot which might not be supported.
Try to connect with other types of slots.

One more probable reason is if you have flashed the firmware for different OEM's on the same hardware.
To get rid of this the flash utilities will be having option to erase all the previous and EEPROM and boot block entry option. Use that option to rectify the problem.

SCENARIO 3: I am using tape drive series 700X, even the vendor information on the Tape drive says 700X, but the POST information while booting the server is showing as 500X what could be the problem?

First you should make sure your hardware is of which series, you can find out this in the product website.
Generally you can see this because in most of the testing companies they use same hardware to test different series of same hardware type. What they do is they flash the different series firmware. You can always flash back to exact hardware type.

29. Which are the SAN topologies?

SAN can be connected in 3 types which are mentioned below:
Point to Point topology
FC Arbitrated Loop ( FC :Fibre Channel )
Switched Fabric

30. Which are the 4 types of SAN architecture types

a. Core-edge

b. Full-Mesh

c. Partial-Mesh

d. Cascade

31. Which command is used in linux to know the driver version of any hardware device?

dmesg

32. How many minimum drives are required to create R5 (RAID 5) ?

You need to have at least 3 disk drives to create R5.

33. Can you name some of the states of RAID array?

There are states of RAID arrays that represent the status of the RAID arrays which are given below

a. Online
b. Degraded
c. Rebuilding
d. Failed

34. Name the features of SCSI-3 standard?

QAS: Quick arbitration and selection
Domain Validation

CRC: Cyclic redundancy check

35. Can we assign a hot spare to R0 (RAID 0) array?

No, since R0 is not redundant array, failure of any disks results in failure of the entire array so we cannot rebuild the hot spare for the R0 array.

36. Can you name some of the available tape media types?

There are many types of tape media available to back up the data some of them are
DLT: digital linear tape - technology for tape backup/archive of networks and servers; DLT technology addresses midrange to high-end tape backup requirements.
LTO: linear tape open; a new standard tape format developed by HP, IBM, and Seagate.
AIT: advanced intelligent tape; a helical scan technology developed by Sony for tape backup/archive of networks and servers, specifically addressing midrange to high-end backup requirements.

37. What is HA?

HA High Availability is a technology to achieve failover with very less latency. Its a practical requirement of data centers these days when customers expect the servers to be running 24 hours on all 7 days around the whole 365 days a year - usually referred as 24x7x365. So to achieve this, a redundant infrastructure is created to make sure if one database server or if one app server fails there is a replica Database or Appserver ready to take-over the operations. End customer never experiences any outage when there is a HA network infrastructure.

38. What is virtualization?

Virtualization is logical representation of physical devices. It is the technique of managing and presenting storage devices and resources functionally, regardless of their physical layout or location. Virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a central console. Storage virtualization is commonly used in a storage area network (SAN). The management of storage devices can be tedious and time-consuming. Storage virtualization helps the storage administrator perform the tasks of backup, archiving, and recovery more easily, and in less time, by disguising the actual complexity of the SAN.

39. Describe in brief the composition of FC Frame?

Start of the Frame locator
Frame header (includes destination id and source id, 24 bytes/6 words)
Data Payload (encapsulate SCSI instruction can be 0-2112 bytes in length)
CRC (error checking, 4 bytes)
End of Frame (1 byte)

40. What is storage virtualization?

Storage virtualization is amalgamation of multiple n/w storage devices into single storage unit.

41. What are the protocols used in physical/datalink and network layer of SAN?

a) Ethernet

b) SCSI
c) Fibre Channel

42. What are the types of disk array used in SAN? 

a) JBOD
b) RAID

43. What are different types of protocols used in transportation and session layers of SAN?

a) Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP)
b) Internet SCSI (iSCSI)
c) Fibre Channel IP (FCIP)

44. What is the type of Encoding used in Fibre Channel?

8b/10b, as the encoding technique is able to detect all most all the bit errors

45. How many classes of service are available in Fibre Channel?

7 Classes of service are available in Fibre Channel

Class-1: 

         Dedicated connection between two communicators with acknowledgement of frame delivery.

       In class 1 service, a dedicated connection source and destination is established through the fabric for the duration of the transmission. It provides acknowledged service. This class of service ensures that the frames are received by the destination device in the same order in which they are sent, and reserves full bandwidth for the connection between the two devices. It does not provide for a good utilization of the available bandwidth, since it is blocking another possible contender for the same device. Because of this blocking and necessary dedicated connection, class 1 is rarely used.

Class-2: 

          connection less but provides acknowledgement

Class 2 is a connectionless, acknowledged service. Class 2 makes better use of available bandwidth since it allows the fabric to multiplex several messages on a frame-by-frame basis. As frames travel through the fabric they can take different routes, so class 2 service does not guarantee in-order delivery. Class 2 relies on upper layer protocols to take care of frame sequence. The use of acknowledgments reduces available bandwidth, which needs to be considered in large-scale busy networks.

Class-3: 

               connection less and provides no notification of delivery
There is no dedicated connection in class 3 and the received frames are not acknowledged. Class 3 is also called datagram connectionless service. It optimizes the use of fabric resources, but it is now upper layer protocol to ensure that all frames are received in the proper order, and to request to the source device the retransmission of missing frames. Class 3 is a commonly used class of service in Fibre Channel networks.

Class-4: 
               
                 allows fractional bandwidth for virtual circuits

      Class 4 is a connection-oriented service like class 1, but the main difference is that it allocates only a fraction of available bandwidth of path through the fabric that connects two N_Ports. Virtual Circuits (VCs) are established between two N_Ports with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS), including bandwidth and latency. Like class 1, class 4 guarantees in-order delivery frame delivery and provides acknowledgment of delivered frames, but now the fabric is responsible for multiplexing frames of different VCs. Class 4 service is mainly intended for multimedia applications such as video and for applications that allocate an established bandwidth by department within the enterprise. Class 4 was added in the FC-PH-2 standard.

Class -5: 

       Class 5 is called isochronous service, and it is intended for applications that require immediate delivery of the data as it arrives, with no buffering. It is not clearly defined yet. It is not included in the FC-PH documents.

Class-6: 

      Provides multicast, dedicated connection with acknowledgment
Class 6 is a variant of class 1, known as multicast class of service. It provides dedicated connections for a reliable multicast. An N_Port may request a class 6 connection for one or more destinations. A multicast server in the fabric will establish the connections and get acknowledgment from the destination ports, and send it back to the originator. Once a connection is established, it should be retained and guaranteed by the fabric until the initiator ends the connection. Class 6 was designed for applications like audio and video requiring multicast functionality. It appears in the FC-PH-3 standard.

Class-F: 

       used for switch to switch communication in the fabric.
Class F service is defined in the FC-SW and FC-SW-2 standard for use by switches communicating through ISLs. It is a connectionless service with notification of non-delivery between E_Ports used for control, coordination, and configuration of the fabric. Class F is similar to class 2; the main difference is that Class 2 deals with N_Ports sending data frames, while Class F is used by E_ports for control and management of the fabric.